Double-Ended Priority Queues:Meldable DEPQs.

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Meldable DEPQs

A meldable DEPQ (MDEPQ) is a DEPQ that, in addition to the DEPQ operations listed above, includes the operation

meld(x, y) ... meld the DEPQs x and y into a single DEPQ

The result of melding the double-ended priority queues x and y is a single double-ended priority queue that contains all elements of x and y. The meld operation is destructive in that following the meld, x and y do not remain as independent DEPQs.

To meld two DEPQs in less than linear time, it is essential that the DEPQs be represented using explicit pointers (rather than implicit ones as in the array representation of a heap) as otherwise a linear number of elements need to be moved from their initial to their final locations. Olariu et al. [17] have shown that when the min-max pair heap is represented in such a way, an n element DEPQ may be melded with a k element one (k ≤ n) in O(log(n/k) ∗ log k) time. When k = √n, this is O(log2 n). Hasham and Sack [14] have shown that the complexity of melding two min-max heaps of size n and k, respectively, is Ω(n + k). Brodal [3] has developed an MDEPQ implementation that allows one to find the min and max elements, insert an element, and meld two priority queues in O(1) time. The time needed to delete the minimum or maximum element is O(log n). Although the asymptotic complexity provided by this data structure are the best one can hope for [3], the data structure has practical limitations. First, each element is represented twice using a total of 16 fields per element. Second, even though the delete operations have O(log n) complexity, the constant factors are very high and the data structure will not perform well unless find, insert, and meld are the primary operations.

Cho and Sahni [7] have shown that leftist trees [9, 15, 20] may be adapted to obtain a simple representation for MDEPQs in which meld takes logarithmic time and the remaining operations have the same asymptotic complexity as when any of the aforementioned DEPQ representations is used. Chong and Sahni [8] study MDEPQs based on pairing heaps [12, 19], Binomial and Fibonacci heaps [13], and FMPQ [3].

Since leftist heaps, pairing heaps, Binomial and Fibonacci heaps, and FMPQs are meld- able priority queues that also support the remove(the N ode) operation, the MDEPQs of [7, 8] use the generic methods of Section 8.6 to construct an MDEPQ data structure from the corresponding MPQ (meldable PQ) structure.

It is interesting to note that if we use the FMPQ structure of [3] as the base MPQ structure, we obtain a total correspondence MDEPQ structure in which remove M ax and remove M in take logarithmic time, and the remaining operations take constant time. This adaptation is superior to the dual priority queue adaptation proposed in [3] because the space requirements are almost half. Additionally, the total correspondence adaptation is faster. Although Brodal’s FMPQ structure does not satisfy the requirements of the generic approach to build a leaf correspondence MDEPQ structure from a priority queue, we can nonetheless arrive at leaf correspondence FMPQs using a customized approach.

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